\u00a0A DUE ANNI DALLA XXI GIORNATA MONDIALE DELL\u2019AMBIENTE,\u00a0ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DEI LINCEI.<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
ECCO COSA CI HA PROMESSO LA SCIENZA.<\/p>\n
QUANTO NON REALIZZATO NON E’ COLPA DEI NOSTRI SCIENZIATI, MA DELLA \u00a0CIECA, IGNORANTE E CORROTTA BUROCRAZIA CHE CI CIRCONDA.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n —<\/p>\n \u00a0QUALE RICERCA PER L\u2019ENERGIA DEL FUTURO<\/b><\/p>\n CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE CON IL PREMIO NOBEL CARLO RUBBIA.<\/b><\/p>\n 5 e 6 novembre all\u2019Accademia dei Lincei con la Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei<\/p>\n Le pi\u00f9 recenti ricerche a livello mondiale per produzione, uso e distribuzione delle fonti energetiche sia fossili sia non convenzionali,<\/strong> sono state presentate all\u2019Accademia dei Lincei nei giorni 5 e 6 novembre 2013, dai pi\u00f9 eminenti scienziati internazionali tra cui Carlo Rubbia, Michael Graetzel e Daniel Nocera, nel convegno \u201cLa sfida dei terawatt: Quale ricerca per l\u2019energia del futuro?\u201d, organizzato con il supporto della Fondazione ENI Enrico Mattei.<\/p>\n -La crescente domanda di energia,<\/strong> che \u00e8 fattore fondamentale per la qualit\u00e0 della vita e per lo sviluppo economico, ha portato i consumi ai livelli di migliaia di miliardi di watt,<\/strong> una quantit\u00e0 che si misura in \u201cterawatt\u201d e ben indica le prospettive della domanda globale di energia.<\/p>\n –La necessit\u00e0 di superare l\u2019impiego degli idrocarburi con nuove fonti richiede lo sviluppo di tecnologie capaci di armonizzare sicurezza economica ed energetica<\/strong> e la ricerca sta svolgendo un ruolo determinante per assicurare un futuro alle richieste degli abitanti della Terra.<\/p>\n —<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Nella attuale produzione dell\u2019energia su scala mondiale<\/p>\n -le fonti fossili, in particolare gli idrocarburi, rivestono tuttora un ruolo egemone per cui il loro paventato repentino esaurimento\u00a0 porterebbe ad una grave crisi economica.<\/strong> In realt\u00e0 la loro produzione \u00e8 soggetta ad un rilancio in seguito al miglioramento dei processi di trivellazione con conseguente\u00a0 scoperta dello shale<\/i> gas,\u00a0<\/i> e alle concrete prospettive di utilizzare le immense risorse di gas naturale intrappolato\u00a0 nei sedimenti marini ai margini della piattaforma continentale delle regioni artiche.<\/p>\n -Questi eventi,\u00a0 pur essendo controversi per i danni che possono arrecare sull\u2019ambiente, stanno per\u00f2 influenzando il quadro geopolitico e geo-economico mondiale,\u00a0 imponendo a tutti i paesi una\u00a0 attenta formulazione delle proprie strategie ed uno sforzo in settori di ricerca innovativi.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Per quanto riguarda<\/p>\n -l\u2019Italia, resta aperta, e risulta quanto mai urgente,\u00a0 la formulazione di un piano energetico capace di operare scelte che abbiano rilevanza strategica<\/strong> e facciano leva sui nostri\u00a0 punti di forza culturali e tecnologici. In particolare tenendo adeguato conto del ricupero\u00a0 delle attivit\u00e0 produttive la cui crisi sta\u00a0 impedendo la crescita economica\u00a0 severamente penalizzata dall\u2019elevato costo dell\u2019energia.<\/p>\n -In questo quadro risulta anche importante l\u2019intensificazione della produzione nazionale di idrocarburi nel pieno rispetto del territorio, obiettivo non irraggiungibile se si adottano \u00a0 le tecnologie moderne.<\/strong><\/p>\n Resta comunque\u00a0 aperta la sfida di avvicendare l\u2019impiego dei carburanti fossili con fonti alternative, possibilmente rinnovabili, con un bilancio nullo dell\u2019anidride carbonica prodotta dalla combustione.<\/strong><\/p>\n –Particolare attenzione deve essere ovviamente posta all\u2019energia proveniente dal sole, anche se\u00a0 il suo sfruttamento su una\u00a0 scala confrontabile con i consumi primari di energia \u00e8 strettamente vincolato alla creazione di adeguate infrastrutture,<\/strong> obiettivo che non\u00a0 appare perseguibile in tempi brevi: \u00a0 la\u00a0 periodicit\u00e0 della produzione di energia solare richiede infatti ampie ristrutturazioni delle reti legate alle difficolt\u00e0 che tuttora si incontrano nell\u2019immagazzinare l\u2019energia elettrica. E non va sottaciuto il fatto che\u00a0 il tentativo di accelerare l\u2019utilizzo delle fonti periodiche, quale la solare, e stocastiche,<\/p>\n -quale l\u2019eolica, in sostituzione delle\u00a0 tradizionali termoelettrica e nucleare, sta creando a livello europeo un\u2019enorme richiesta finanziaria, dell\u2019ordine di mezzo trilione di euro, per la costruzione di infrastrutture<\/strong> (How to lose half a trillion euros<\/i>, Economist, october 12TH, 2013).<\/p>\n L\u2019impiego delle biomasse, nella forma tradizionale sino ad ora utilizzata, deve essere perseguito con oculatezza per non compromettere la filiera agricola, favorendo quindi il passaggio ai biocarburanti di seconda generazione basati sull\u2019impiego di raccolti dedicati\u00a0 verso le masse cellulosiche. Particolare attenzione deve essere per\u00f2 volta\u00a0 alle<\/p>\n –nuove interessanti\u00a0 prospettive<\/strong> derivanti dalla \u201cSynthetic Biology<\/i>\u201d (biologia sintetica)il cui successo potrebbe rivoluzionare\u00a0 la\u00a0 produzione di molti prodotti chimici con \u00a0 importanti implicazioni per la produzione di biocarburanti di terza generazione.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Inoltre, si deve\u00a0esplorare l\u2019ottenimento di\u00a0 energia carbon free<\/i> mediante la fissione nucleare sviluppando tecnologie basate su reattori di piccole dimensioni e quindi pi\u00f9 sicuri,\u00a0 rivolti a particolari applicazioni quali la desalinizzazione dell\u2019acqua marina, il riscaldamento e il trasporto.<\/p>\n Senza dimenticare che Fukushima \u00e8 ancora pericolosamente funzionante e produce sempre pi\u00f9 acque radioattive che si riversano nel Pacifico e nessuno \u00e8 in \u00a0grado di trovare una soluzione !<\/strong><\/p>\n In conclusione, risulta inderogabile la formulazione di un piano nazionale dell\u2019energia.<\/strong><\/p>\n —<\/p>\n -“Il nostro studio conferma che le celle microbiche costituiscono una promettente tecnologia per la produzione di energia elettrica da fonti rinnovabili e per il contemporaneo trattamento dei rifiuti organici”.<\/strong><\/p>\n E\u2019 stato realizzato un prototipo<\/strong> di cella a combustibile microbica (MFC), che utilizza come combustibile la frazione organica dei rifiuti solidi urbani (FORSU) provenienti da un impianto di trattamento della provincia di Napoli. Scopo dello studio \u00e8 di valutare il possibile utilizzo della FORSU per la produzione di energia elettrica. Il prototipo realizzato, a singola camera, in cui l\u2019anodo e il catodo sono costituiti da piastre di grafite, ha funzionato per un periodo di 30 giorni durante i quali sono stati monitorati la temperatura, il pH, la densit\u00e0 di corrente e la potenza\u00a0 prodotte dalla cella. I valori di corrente e potenza sono stati rapportati all\u2019unit\u00e0 di superficie anodica (m2<\/sup>) e di massa di rifiuto trattata (Kg). I dati ottenuti hanno dimostrato una potenza massima di 10 mW m-2 <\/sup>Kg-1<\/sup> ed una densit\u00e0 di corrente di 129 mA m-2<\/sup> Kg-1<\/sup> con una diminuzione della BOD5<\/sub> del rifiuto del 98%.<\/p>\n -Altro obiettivo dello studio \u00e8 stato quello di caratterizzare il biogas che si forma da tale processo ed eventualmente individuare i possibili utilizzi. I risultati preliminari hanno mostrato il possibile utilizzo della frazione organica dei rifiuti come combustibile<\/strong> per le MFC.<\/p>\n Introduzione<\/b><\/p>\n La sostenibilit\u00e0 ambientale \u00e8 diventata un problema di portata globale<\/strong>, apparentemente a causa di due fattori:<\/p>\n –aumento della consapevolezza che le risorse di energia non rinnovabili sono limitate<\/strong> e, allo stesso tempo, che la biosfera ha una capacit\u00e0 limitata di assorbire i rifiuti prodotti dalla varie attivit\u00e0 umane (Ulgiati e Brown, 2002). Attraverso la digestione anaerobica della Frazione Organica dei Rifiuti Solidi Urbani (FORSU) \u00e8 gi\u00e0 possibile accoppiare il trattamento dei rifiuti alla produzione di CH4 <\/sub>e quindi di energia.<\/p>\n –In questo caso, il rifiuto stesso diventa risorsa<\/strong> (Karagiannidis, 2009). Particolare interesse suscita la capacit\u00e0 di alcune specie batteriche di trasferire \u2013 in assenza di ossigeno – gli elettroni derivanti dai processi ossidativi della sostanza organica a elettrodi polarizzati.<\/p>\n -Questo ha suggerito la possibilit\u00e0 di utilizzare i microrganismi per la produzione diretta di energia elettrica<\/strong> mediante pile a combustibile definite \u201cmicrobiche\u201d (Logan et al, 2006; <\/b>Du et al., 2007). Questa nuova tipologia di \u201ccella a combustibile microbico\u201d o MFC (Microbial Fuel Cell<\/i>)<\/p>\n –rende possibile, in linea di principio, la conversione dell\u2019energia chimica contenuta in qualsiasi forma di biomassa biodegradabile (Pant et al, 2010), , in energia elettrica rinnovabile ad elevato rendimento,<\/strong> operando a bassa temperatura, in sistemi di semplice realizzazione e dal costo relativamente contenuto. Inoltre, tali dispositivi consentono di abbinare la produzione diretta di elettricit\u00e0 con il trattamento del rifiuto stesso a temperatura ambiente (Du et al., 2009).<\/p>\n Tale processo, utilizzando\u00a0 rifiuti organici, pu\u00f2 affiancare la digestione anaerobica delle biomasse\u00a0 (Pham et al., 2006), <\/b>contribuendo alla gestione dei rifiuti solidi (come scarti agroalimentari) e dei reflui organici (civili e industriali) (Mohan , 2011). Inoltre, \u00e8 stata dimostrata la possibilit\u00e0 di produrre biocarburanti ed idrogeno molecolare attraverso l\u2019utilizzo di celle microbiche (Cristiani e Triburzio, 2010). Le celle microbiche costituiscono una fonte di energia rinnovabile (Du et al., 2007), <\/b>con minimi impatti ambientali. Un\u2019adeguata analisi del ciclo di vita potr\u00e0 portare ad una reale valutazione e quantificazione degli impatti ambientali connessi con la messa in opera in vasta scala delle celle microbiche (Panta et al., 2011).<\/p>\n Riportiamo i risultati preliminari di uno studio volto all\u2019applicazione della tecnologia delle MFC al trattamento della Frazione Organica dei Rifiuti Solidi Urbani (FORSU) prelevati presso un\u2019azienda di trattamento dei rifiuti della provincia di Napoli. E\u2019 stato inoltre valutato il possibile utilizzo del biogas che si forma dai processi fermentativi del combustibile organico..<\/p>\n Materiali e Metodi<\/b><\/p>\n La FORSU \u00e8 stata prelevata mediante la tecnica della quartatura da un quantitativo di materiale di alcune tonnellate. Un\u2019aliquota del rifiuto (600 g) sospesa in una soluzione diluita di acido acetico \u00e8 stata posta in incubazione in atmosfera anerobica alla temperatura di 15\u00b12\u00b0C per 7 giorni per stabilizzare la flora microbica.<\/p>\n Il\u00a0 bio-slurry<\/i> risultante \u00e8 stato utilizzato per alimentare la cella microbica a sua volta mantenuta alla temperatura di 25\u00b0\u00b12\u00b0C per 30 giorni.<\/p>\n Per la realizzazione della cella microbica si \u00e8 utilizzato un contenitore in vetro, in cui l\u2019anodo \u00e8 immerso nella cella e il catodo presenta una superficie esposta all\u2019aria, entrambi costituiti da piastre di grafite, collegate tra loro mediante un circuito esterno; inoltre sul contenitore sono state create delle uscite per permettere la raccolta del biogas, e l\u2019inserimento delle sonde di misura.<\/p>\n Il biogas generato \u00e8 stato analizzato mediante tecniche gascromatografiche con rivelatore a spettrometria di massa (GC-MS).<\/p>\n \u00a0Durante la fase di esercizio della cella sono stati monitorati i principali parametri chimico fisici, quali temperatura e pH, e la produzione di energia elettrica, mediante l\u2019utilizzo di un multimetro digitale (Agilent Techologies\u00a9<\/sup>). Le principali caratteristiche chimiche del rifiuto sono state determinate secondo metodiche standard (IRSA-CNR, 1984; APAT, IRSA-CNR, 2003). I risultati sono stati paragonati a quelli di uno studio analogo condotto da Mohan e Chandrasekhar (2011) sull\u2019utilizzo degli scarti di una mensa come combustibile in una MFC. La Densit\u00e0 di Potenza (DP) prodotta cos\u00ec come la Densit\u00e0 di Corrente (DC) sono state rapportate alla superficie anodica (espressa in m2 <\/sup>) ed all\u2019unit\u00e0 di massa di rifiuto trattato (in Kg).<\/p>\n Risultati e Discussione\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n La cella alimentata da FORSU \u00e8 stata monitorata per un periodo di 30 giorni. In Figura 2 \u00e8 riportato l\u2019evoluzione della tensione di circuito aperto (OCV) in funzione del tempo. I valori della cella sono messi a confronto con i risultati della cella ideata da Mohan e Chandrasekar, denominata cella SCW (Solid Composite Waste cell).<\/p>\n \u00a0Si osserva che la tensione di circuito aperto (OCV) della cella FORSU \u00e8 caratterizzata da un picco di 260 mV raggiunto dopo i primi 5 giorni, seguito da una diminuzione a 170 mV ed ad un andamento leggermente crescente fino alla fine dell\u2019esperimento. Nella stessa figura sono riportati i dati relativi alla cella SCW la quale, invece, presenta un picco di 400 mV seguito da una rapida diminuzione a130 mV e, poi, a circa 70 mV.<\/p>\n In Figura 3, sono riportate le curve di polarizzazione di entrambe le celle. La cella alimentata da FORSU registra valori massimi di potenza pi\u00f9 elevati seppure intensit\u00e0 di corrente pi\u00f9 basse. La massima potenza raggiunta \u00e8 stata di 10 mW per m2 <\/sup>di superficie anodica e kg di FORSU trattato, superiore agli 8.8 mW m-2<\/sup>kg-1<\/sup> ottenuti dalla cella\u00a0 SCW.<\/p>\n La massima Densit\u00e0 di Potenza (DP) raggiunta dalla cella alimentata da FORSU \u00e8 stata di 3,01 mW\/m2<\/sup> (10 mW m-2 <\/sup>Kg-1<\/sup>) mentre la massima Densit\u00e0 di Corrente (DC) \u00e8 stata di 36 mA m-2<\/sup> (129 mA m-2<\/sup>Kg-1<\/sup>). Mohan and Chandrasekar (2011) riportano per la loro cella alimentata da scarti di mensa una DP massima di 4 mW m-2<\/sup> (8.8 mW m-2<\/sup>Kg-1<\/sup>). La DC era, in quel caso di 77,31 mA m-2<\/sup> (171 mA m-2<\/sup>Kg).<\/p>\n Il pH, durante l\u2019intero esperimento, si mantiene ad un valore di circa 4.5\u00b10.2 (Fig. 4). <\/b>Tale valore \u00e8 spiegabile con il metabolismo, essenzialmente acido, dei batteri coinvolti nella digestione anaerobica del rifiuto.<\/p>\n L\u2019analisi del biogas non ha mostrato la presenza di metano, probabilmente dovuto al basso valore di pH che nel processo anerobico inibisce il processo di metanogenesi. I batteri metanogeni sono in genere inibiti a valori di pH inferiori a 5.0. Solo in casi particolari \u00e8 stata registrata una limitata attivit\u00e0 metanogenetica a pH 4.5 (Kima et al., 2004).<\/p>\n \u00a0Fig.4: Andamento del pH.<\/p>\n Le analisi del bioslurry il secondo mese di trattamento ha rivelato una diminuzione della BOD5<\/sub> del 98% mentre l\u2019analisi qualitativa del biogas<\/i> ha mostrato la presenza composti di interesse industriale come acidi organici, alcoli e chetoni.:<\/p>\n Conclusioni<\/b><\/p>\n I primi risultati hanno mostrato che la frazione organica dei rifiuti solidi urbani (FORSU) si presta come un possibile combustibile per le celle a combustibile microbiche (MFC), costituite da un\u2019unica camera e operanti a temperatura ambiente.<\/strong><\/p>\n Dal confronto con il lavoro di Mohan e Chandrasekar (2011) \u00e8 risultato che le densit\u00e0 di potenza ottenute nel corso del nostro esperimento sono pi\u00f9 alte, ma le densit\u00e0 di corrente pi\u00f9 basse. Una delle possibili spiegazioni \u00e8 data dall’elevata resistenza interna della cella, ma non \u00e8 da escludere l’influenza del basso valore di pH. Ulteriori indagini sono in corso\u00a0 per chiarire questo aspetto.<\/p>\n Ulteriori studi mirati\u00a0 alla caratterizzazione elettrochimica della cella e all\u2019individuazione dei processi che avvengono all\u2019anodo e al catodo, sono necessari per definire la dinamica dei processi che sono alla base della generazione di corrente in questo tipo di celle..<\/p>\n -Il nostro studio conferma che le celle microbiche costituiscono una promettente tecnologia per la produzione di energia elettrica da fonti rinnovabili e per il contemporaneo trattamento dei rifiuti organici. .<\/strong><\/p>\n Riferimenti Bibliografici:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n APAT, IRSA-CNR.(2003) Metodi analitici per le acque. Manuali e Linee Guida n\u00b029.<\/p>\n Brown M.T., Ulgiati S. (2002) Emergy evaluations and environmental loading of electricity production systems. Journal of Cleaner Production 10,321\u2013334.<\/p>\n Cristiani P., Tribuzio M. (2010). Stato dell\u2019arte\u00a0 sulle celle a combustibile microbiche, risultati delle prove di laboratorio \u2013 Rapporto ASV ambiente e sviluppo sostenibile.<\/p>\n Du Z, Li H, Gu T. (2007). A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy, Biotechnology\u00a0 Advances.25(5):464-82.<\/p>\n Karagiannidis A., and Perkoulidis G.,.(2009) \u201cA multi-criteria ranking of different technologies for the anaerobic digestion for energy recovery of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes”, Bioresource Technology 100, 2355,2360. In S. Kima; Moon H. Hwanga, NamJ. Janga, Seong H. Hyunb, S.T. Leec (2004) Effect of low pH on the activity of hydrogen utilizing methanogen in bio-hydrogen process.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 29; 1133 \u2013 1140.<\/p>\n Logan B. E., Melers B., Rene\u00e4 R., Schroder U., Keller J., Freguia S., Aelterman P., Verstraete W., Rabay K. (2006). \u201cMicrobial Fuel Cells: Methodology and Technology”, Environmental Science\u00a0 Technology 40 (6).<\/p>\n Mohan, S.V. and Chandrasekhar, K.(2011) \u201cSolid phase microbial fuel cell (SMFC) for harnessing bioelectricity from composite food waste fermentation: Influence of electrode assembly and buffering capacity”, Bioresource Technology 102, 7077-7085.<\/p>\n Panta D., Singhb A., Van Bogaerta G., Alvarez Gallegoa Y., Dielsa L, Vanbroekhovena K. (2011). An introduction to the life cycle assessment (LCA) of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) for sustainable energy and product generation: Relevance and key aspects.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, 1305\u20131313<\/p>\n Pant D, Van Bogaert G, Diels L, Vanbroekhoven K. (2010). A review of the substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for sustainable energy production, Bioresource Technology 101(6):1533-43. .<\/p>\n Pham, T.H., Rabaey, K., Aelterman, P., Clauwaert, P., De Schamphelaire, L., Boon, N. and Verstraete, W. (2006). \u201cMicrobial Fuel Cells in Relation to Conventional Anaerobic Digestion Technology”, Eng. Life Sci. 6 (3), 285-292.<\/p>\n Zhuwei Du, Haoran Li, Tingyue Gu. (2007). A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: a promising technology\u00a0 for wastewater treatment and bioenergy).Biotechnology\u00a0 Advances 25;464-482.<\/p>\n \u00a0—<\/p>\n FUKUSHIMA IL PERICOLO CONTINUA E NON SI PUO’ DIMENTICARE.<\/p>\n \u00a0“Moreover, safety is a crucial factor for the development of nuclear energy as confirmed by the Fukushima\u2212Daiichi accident that raised new questions in the public opinion forcing countries to the decision to phase\u2212out or to abandon any plan to enter nuclear business”.<\/strong><\/p>\n The concept of sustainable development addresses the capability to meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainability is therefore a fundamental approach in the definition of future energy systems to accomplish economical, social, and environmental criteria.<\/p>\n In this frame, nuclear energy is characterized, aiming at tackling human-induced climate changes, by low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while facing drawbacks such as the shortage of natural uranium resources, the steady increase of spent nuclear fuel stockpiles as well as proliferation risks. The demand for electricity generation is growing and the definition of an energy portfolio capable of meeting needs in a sustainable manner is more and more urgent given the narrow timeframe left for a transition to a low carbon electricity generation.<\/p>\n In this study, the sustainability of the electricity generation sector was evaluated and the share of competing energy sources calculated for three scenarios by means of the Analytic Network Process (ANP). This evaluation was based on a set of indicators defined according to the findings published in the open literature. Afterwards, aiming at studying the impact of uranium consumption and nuclear waste stockpiles, according to the projections of electricity demand, the material flows were calculated in the hypothesis of an open fuel cycle. The future perspectives of nuclear energy trust on the development of innovative power plant designs where fast reactors play a major role and a transition to a closed fuel cycle is planned. Preliminary investigations are presented to identify the share of nuclear energy according to the improvements in the sustainability criteria achieved through the foreseen transition to innovative nuclear power plants.<\/p>\n 1. Introduction<\/b><\/p>\n The concept of sustainable development addresses the capability of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Energy is fundamental to improve living standards and to support societal development. The use of fossil energy sources, accounting for about 80% of the global primary energy needs, leads to phenomena of increasing concern such as: urban air pollution, regional acidification, human\u2212induced climate change.<\/p>\n Nuclear energy is capable of tackling GHG emissions at competitive costs. If, on the one hand, this latter aspect is assumed as a fundamental driver for its development, on the other hand nuclear energy faces drawbacks such as the management of radioactive waste and their proliferation risks. Moreover, safety is a crucial factor for the development of nuclear energy as confirmed by the Fukushima\u2212Daiichi accident that raised new questions in the public opinion forcing countries to the decision to phase\u2212out or to abandon any plan to enter nuclear business.<\/strong><\/p>\n Nevertheless, main reasons promoting the so-called nuclear renaissance seen in the last decade are still valid. This statement is consistent with the projections that, even though to a smaller extent, confirm an increase in the deployment of nuclear energy. This contribution presents a study on the role of nuclear energy in the electricity sector where other energy sources are competing in the frame of a sustainable development. The method used for the analysis is the ANP whereas the list of indicators was defined according to the open literature. Based on these results and the projections of the electricity demand, the uranium resources consumption and the burden of nuclear waste stockpiles were calculated in an open fuel cycle option. In the concluding part, preliminary conclusions concerning the improvements of selected indicators achieved through the transition to a closed fuel cycle and the deployment of next\u2212generation fast reactors were drawn. The evaluations of sustainability were carried out by means of the Super Decisions code while the calculations of material flows were carried out by means of the Dynamic Energy System-Atomic Energy code (DESAE).<\/p>\n 2. The Analytic Network Approach<\/b><\/p>\n The Analytic Network Process is a theory that extends the Analytic Hierarchy Process to cases of dependence and feedbacks through the use of the concept of supermatrix. The ANP provides a framework to include clusters of elements connected in any desired way to investigate the process and deriving the adopted priorities from the distribution of influence among elements and among clusters. This method permits to describe the dependence among components as well as feedbacks, outer and inner dependence respectively. A supermatrix, W<\/i>, is a complete system matrix of components, {Ca<\/sub>, Cb<\/sub>, Cc<\/sub>,…, Cn<\/sub>}, and their linkages, Wij. The supermatrix represents the impact of all model elements relative to the complete set of elements. The actual elements that make up the columns (Wij) of the supermatrix are the eigenvector solutions within the components. The final priority weights are calculated by multiplying the supermatrix by itself until the columns stabilize (limiting matrix). The analysis presented in the paper was performed by means of the Super Decisions 2.2 code.<\/p>\n 3. The DESAE code and the calculation of material flows<\/b><\/p>\n As previously mentioned, material flows calculations were performed by means of the DESAE code, a software developed at the Kurchatov Institute (Moscow) to support the activities of the IAEA International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO). The DESAE code allows predicting financial and materials resources needed for a sustainable nuclear energy policy at country, regional and global level. The analysis is performed on user-defined deployment scenarios where reactors, fuel cycle facilities and energy demand projections are properly defined. It allows studying both open and closed fuel cycles taking into account uranium and thorium recycling. The code does not perform burn-up or core management calculations so that fresh, equilibrium and spent core isotopic composition are required. The code deals with 18 nuclides, with one additional variable accounting for the remaining fission products. The layout of a single nuclear energy system may be composed of seven different nuclear power plants and four recycling plants in case of closed cycle options. In this regard, reprocessing losses are not taken into account.<\/p>\n 4. Analysis of the indicators used in the evaluations of sustainability<\/b><\/p>\n Climate change concern has become one of the most challenging issues for the new century. The level of CO2<\/sub> is moving steadily towards the limit of 450 ppm a value leading to an increase of the average global temperature by 2 \u00b0C. New trade\u2212offs are necessary especially in the developing countries, to account for the demographic increase, energy resources scarcity and improving of living standards.<\/p>\n The total primary energy supply (TPES) moved from 6107 Mtoe in 1973 to 12717 in 2010; the electricity generation raised, in the same period, from 6115 TWh to 21431 TWh showing a nearly four\u2212fold increase. In 2010, the production of electricity from fossil fuel was 67.4% with a slight reduction from the value of 75.1% in 1973. New electricity generating plants are foreseen to be installed during the coming two decades with a projected total capacity of the same order of that installed in the past century.<\/p>\n \u00a0The share of nuclear electricity increased from 3.3% to 12.9% as well as natural gas share moved from the 12.1% in 1973 to 22.2% in 2010. The concept of sustainability addresses, besides environmental, other dimensions, social and economic. The planning of a sustainable energy mix needs therefore a deeper analysis through a multi\u2212parametric approach. For this purpose, a review of the indicators used in the evaluation of sustainability published in the open literature was carried out.<\/p>\n The review confirmed the need for several indicators in the three dimensions of the sustainability (economic, social, environmental), therefore, in these studies, the analysis was performed through multi\u2212criteria approaches such as the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), the Analytic Network Process (ANP), this latter applied in presented study. The vision of each stakeholder confirmed to be of great importance in defining the ranking of energy sources, nevertheless, nuclear energy proved to be, in comparison with renewables, a sustainable energy source as well. The importance of public opinion was also highlighted as in the case of Japan after the Fukushima accident.<\/p>\n 5. Sustainability indicators and modelling<\/b><\/p>\n The study presents an assessment of a sustainable energy mix, where nine alternatives are given, based on twelve indicators grouped in economic (3), environmental (7) and social (3). The indicators selected for this study were:<\/p>\n Total cost.<\/p>\n Loss of expected life.<\/p>\n CO2.<\/sub><\/p>\n SO2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n Efficiency.<\/p>\n Availability.<\/p>\n Fuel cost.<\/p>\n Reserves-to-Production (R\/P) ratio.<\/p>\n External cost.<\/p>\n Land use.<\/p>\n Water use.<\/p>\n Heated water.<\/p>\n The values used in this study were defined in agreement with the data published in the open literature. The energy system was modelled through a top\u2212level network (no sub\u2212networks). The model consists of four clusters (Alternatives, Economic, Environmental, Social) connected by bidirectional links. The cluster Alternatives contains nine nodes for the description of the different energy sources taken into account. The other clusters contain the nodes representing the corresponding criteria selected for the analysis. An inner dependence was introduced between the nodes of the Alternatives cluster to take into account the status of the electricity sector assuming that the share of competitors has an effect on the development of each energy source.<\/p>\n The values of criteria were applied through pairwise comparisons of elements when the energy sources acted as children and the indicator as parent. In the opposite direction, when the energy source was the parent and the criteria the children, the inverse of ranking achieved by the alternative for each criteria was applied. No inter\u2212relationship were created between the assumed criteria. A preliminary analysis was performed aiming at reproducing the status of the electricity sector assigning, in the comparison, nearly all the priority to the Alternatives cluster. Assuming that a share of 25% is given to the Alternatives cluster, three scenarios were analyzed. The scenario Economic assigned 50% of priority to the Economic cluster and 12.5% to the Environmental and Social clusters. The Environmental and Social scenarios were defined swapping properly these values.<\/p>\n Based on the projections of the electricity demand at 2030 and the share of nuclear energy as in the previous evaluations, the material flows of an open fuel cycle were calculated aiming at studying the needs for uranium resources and the burden of nuclear waste stockpiles. In the concluding part of the study, the improvements expected in the indicators of sustainability for a closed fuel cycle option were discussed.<\/p>\n 6. Conclusions<\/b><\/p>\n Economic, social, environmental criteria are fundamental for the evaluation of the sustainability of an energy mix. Multi\u2212parametric approach is therefore mandatory for the investigations of new trade\u2212offs between growing energy demand, improving of living standards and environment.<\/p>\n The study focused on the electricity generation sector presenting sustainability evaluations based on twelve criteria by means of the Analytic Network Process. Consistent predictions were obtained in reproducing the status of the sector highlighting, in the results of scenarios, the need for a transition to low carbon technologies. In this frame, nuclear energy proved to be, in agreement with the conclusions published in the open literature, a sustainable source of energy. Based on these results, assuming the use of current technology in an open fuel cycle, an evaluation of natural uranium needs and nuclear waste burden was presented. In the concluding part, the perspectives of the new generation nuclear plants were discussed investigating the change in the sustainability indicators and the related share of nuclear energy.<\/p>\n Microalgae based technology for biofuels production and CO2 capture: the role of mathematical modeling and genetic engineering<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Alessandro CONCAS, Roberto CUSANO, Massimiliano ORSINI (Center for Advanced Studies, Pula-Ca) – Cristina COSTELLI, Giacomo CAO (Universit\u00e0 di Cagliari) – Andrea ANGIUS (IRGB-CNR, Monserrato)<\/p>\n World economy is strictly linked to the availability of fossil fuels, which nowadays meet the world\u2019s growing energy demand. However, the intensive exploitation of fossil fuels as main source of energy is currently recognized to be unsustainable due to the depletion of available resources as well as to their contribution to environmental pollution and greenhouse gases emissions (Ahmad et al., 2011). Moreover, the geographic distribution of oil reserves around the world can lead to economic dependence issues which can result in geopolitical instabilities in several countries. For these reasons the production of sustainable and renewable sources of energy, such as biofuels, is recognized to be critical to fulfill a sustainable economy<\/strong> and face global climate changes (Concas et al., 2010). Among the several feedstock\u2019s that are potentially useful for producing biofuels on the large scale, microalgae are today considered to be one of the most promising since, unlike first generation biomasses, their cultivation can be accomplished in non-agricultural lands without competition with the food market. Moreover, when compared with first generation feedstocks, microalgae are characterized by higher bio-oil productivity and their cultivation might be coupled with the direct CO2<\/sub> capture from point sources of emission (cf. Cao and Concas, 2008, 2010). However, the existing microalgae-based technology for CO2<\/sub> sequestration and biofuels production is still not widespread since it is affected by economic and technical constraints that might limit the development of industrial scale production systems. Therefore, in view of industrial scaling-up, the current technology should be optimized in terms of oil productivities and CO2<\/sub> uptake capability. To this aim, mathematical models and process engineering techniques might be suitably exploited to identify the operating conditions of photobioreactors (i.e. light supply, mass transfer, growth media composition etc.) that maximize growth rate, lipid accumulation and CO2<\/sub> fixation as well as the economic viability of the technique. As an example, the possibility to exploit mathematical models to properly design the growth medium, thus avoiding the use of excess concentrations of nutrients and thus improving the economic sustainability of the process, is addressed in what follows. In fact, one of the most impacting cost item of the microalgal technology is related to the need of a continuous replenishment of macronutrients (mainly CO2<\/sub>, nitrogen and phosphorus) during algal cultivation (Jiang et al. 2011). Since large scale cultivation of microalgae implies the consumption of huge amounts of such macronutrients, the economic feasibility of the entire process could be seriously affected by the erroneous evaluation of their depletion kinetics. Thus, in view of industrial scaling-up, the effect of nutrients concentration in the medium on biomass composition and productivity should be quantitative evaluated. Since nutrients concentration and supplies are among the most controllable factors in microalgae cultivation, at least the main macronutrients (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus) uptake rates need to be quantitatively evaluated for the microalgae strains candidate to industrial exploitation. Along these lines, Concas et al. (2013) investigated the growth kinetics of a relatively unknown strain of microalgae, namely Nannochloris eucaryotum<\/i>, in batch photobioreactors with the aim of determining useful kinetic parameters which might be used to suitably design the growth media and photobioreactors. The maximum growth rate, the half saturation constants and yields coefficients for nitrate and phosphate uptake were determined by suitably fitting the experimental data. The reliability of the obtained parameter values was successfully tested by suitably predicting experimental data obtained under several different operating conditions (cf. Figure 1).<\/p>\n Figure 1 Comparison between model predictions and experimental data in terms biomass concentration of N. eucaryotum<\/i> cultured under different nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the growth media, adapted from Concas et al. (2013).\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n Another important challenge in the field of biofuels producing through microalgae is related to the potential exploitation of flue gases as carbon source. In fact, in this case, cultivation of microalgae might be coupled with the direct bio-capture of CO2<\/sub> emitted by industrial activities that use fossil fuels for energy generation. However, the effects resulting from such operating mode, i.e. low pH values and high dissolved concentration of CO2<\/sub>, which might severely affect microalgae growth, should be investigated and simulated in order to properly control the main process parameter during the industrial scale operation of the photobioreactors. Along these lines, Concas et al. (2012) proposed a novel mathematical model of the growth of Chlorella Vulgaris<\/i> in semi-batch photobioreactors fed with pure CO2<\/sub> (100% v\/v), thus simulating suitable gaseous streams that might be obtained as result of the CO2<\/sub> capture technologies adopted. Specifically the proposed model was capable to simulate temporal evolution of cells, light density and macronutrients concentration within the growth medium as well as carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration in liquid and gas phase. Moreover, by taking advantage of comprehensive kinetics and considering the ion speciation phenomena taking place in the growth medium, the model was able to quantitatively describe the dynamics of pH evolution and its effect on microalgae growth. Such aspects, often neglected by mathematical models available in the literature, are indeed critical in order to develop suitable control strategies for the optimization of photobioreactor\u2019s operation when using flue gas as carbon source for microalgae growth. As shown in Figure 2, the model results obtained by Concas et al. (2012) were successfully compared with the experimental data, thus confirming the capability of the proposed model to quantitatively describe the culture behavior within semi-batch photobioreactors both in terms of biomass concentration and pH evolution during the cultivation.<\/p>\n Figure 2. Comparison between model predictions and experimental data in terms of biomass concentration (a) and pH (b) as a function of time when culturing C. Vulgaris under 100%v\/v CO2<\/sub> in semi-continuous photobioreactors, adapted from Concas et al. (2012)<\/b><\/p>\n Moreover as it can be observed from Figure 2, the experimental results obtained by Concas et al. (2012) confirm that C. Vulgaris strain was capable to adapt to high levels of CO2<\/sub>, probably by changing the carbon uptake mechanisms. Therefore, while the experimental results have shown that such microalgal strain might be potentially exploited for the bio-capture of CO2<\/sub> from concentrated industrial flue gases, the mathematical model developed allows one to identify the operating conditions that maximize the CO2<\/sub> capture and the simultaneous biomass productivity in semi-continuous photobioreactors.<\/p>\n A further challenge in the field of biofuels production and CO2<\/sub> sequestration through microalgae, is the identification of the geometry and the operating mode of photobioreactors that allows to optimize the distribution of photon flux, the CO2<\/sub> capture, the removal of photosynthetic oxygen and the nutrients utilization. To this aim, horizontal or helical tubular systems, as well as combinations of vertical flat panels and bubble columns appear to be the reactor configurations whose scale up may be relatively straightforward (Sierra et al., 2008). In particular, the helical configuration named BIOCOIL is characterized by very simple and relatively inexpensive design, easy to assemble and operate. However, only few mathematical models, aimed to the simulation, the optimization and the control of such photobioreactor typology have been reported in the literature. Only recently, Concas et al. (2010) proposed a comprehensive model which was able to quantitatively describe the growth of Spirulina Platensis<\/i> in a re-circulating helical photobioreactor, i.e. the BIOCOIL shown in Figure 3-a.<\/p>\n \u00a0Figura\u00a0 SEQ Figura \\* ARABIC 1\u00a0 <\/b>Errore. Il segnalibro non \u00e8 definito.<\/p>\n Figure 3. Schematic representation of the BIOCOIL photobioreactor (a) and biomass concentration of S. Platensis<\/i> in the final section of the tube (log scale) as predicted by the proposed model and comparison with literature data, adapted from Concas et al., 2010.<\/b><\/p>\n The model accounted for \u201cmass structured\u201d population balances which permitted to properly simulate cell growth, replication and the biomass distribution within the tubular-helical photobioreactor. Specifically, a novel mass-dependent growth kinetics was proposed. The latter one took into account cell size, light intensity, nutrients concentration and inhibitory effects of dissolved oxygen. Model results and literature experimental data (Travieso et al., 2001) in terms of dry biomass content and its distribution within the photobioreactor tube were successfully compared as shown in Figure 3-b, thus demonstrating the validity of the proposed model as well as its predictive capability. Therefore, the proposed model might be potentially useful for the optimization of design and process parameters of the BIOCOIL.<\/p>\n While the mathematical models can be helpful to identify the operating conditions that optimize the microalgae cultivation in suitable photobioreactors, specific genetic engineering tools could be exploited to manipulate genome of existing strains with the aim of increasing their intrinsic photosynthetic efficiency (Melis, 2009) and\/or regulate their metabolism (Radakovits et al., 2010) in order to achieve an abundant accumulation of lipids coupled with an high biomass productivity or an high capability of\u00a0 CO2 <\/sub>uptake. Along these lines, an intense experimental activity is being carried out in our research group aimed to the identification of specific genes involved in the bio-synthesis of fatty acids and carbon dioxide uptake mechanisms of 5 strains belonging to the phylum of green algae, i.e.. Chlorella sorokiniana (SAG 111-8k), Picochlorum eukaryotum (SAG 55.87), Monodopsis subterranea (SAG 848.1), Scenedesmus obliquus (SAG 276-1) and Tetraspora sp. Specifically, the activity consists of the extraction of the genomic DNA from the above mentioned 5 strains grown under typical operating conditions, and the \u201cde novo\u201d sequencing of such strains by a Next Generation Sequencing approach using the Illumina’s sequencing by synthesis (SBS) technology (Imelfort M and Edwards D, 2009). This strategy returns enough high quality data to ensure a coverage of about 80-100X, over two libraries with different insert size, for each strain. This approach will allow us to apply a bioinformatics workflow to optimize the assembly of both organelles and nuclear genomes (Mascher et al,\u00a0 2013; Naito et al, 2013). RNA-Seq analysis on Whole Transcriptomes is currently being performed on the above strains. Subsequently, the latter ones will be grown under specific operating conditions, i.e. for example low nitrogen or high iron concentration in the growth medium, which are capable to induce the corresponding bio-synthesis. Afterwards, the lipid-enriched strains will undergo the same transcriptomic characterization which was previously performed on the corresponding ones grown under typical operating conditions. By comparing the corresponding trancriptome profiles of such strains, the genes over or under expressed, when fatty acids synthesis is promoted, will be recognized as well as the key regulatory<\/i> genes controlling the biosynthetic pathway. Such results will permit to implement suitable genetic engineering strategies to transfect the genes involved in lipid synthesis within the microalgal cells. If successful, such activity will permit to create microalgal strains characterized by an intrinsic high capacity to produce fatty acids and thus to make the current microalgae-based technology for producing biofuels economically viable.<\/p>\n List of references<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Ahmad, A., Yasin, N., Derek, C. and Lim, J., 2011. Microalgae as a sustainable energy source for biodiesel production: a review. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 15, 584-593.<\/p>\n Cao, G. and Concas, A., 2008. Procedimento per la produzione di biopetrolio che prevede l\u2019impiego di CO2<\/sub>. Patent MI2008A001802.<\/p>\n Cao, G. and Concas, A., 2010. Process for bio-oil production which makes use of carbon dioxide. Patent EP10158619.6.<\/p>\n Concas, A., Lutzu, G. A., Locci, A. M. and Cao, G., 2013. Nannochloris eucaryotum growth in batch photobioreactors: kinetic analysis and use of 100% (v\/v) CO2<\/sub>. Adv. Env. Res., an International Journal, 2,\u00a0 19-33.<\/p>\n Concas, A., Lutzu, G. A., Pisu, M. and Cao, G., 2012. Experimental analysis and novel modeling of semi-batch photobioreactors operated with Chlorella vulgaris and fed with 100%(v\/v) CO2<\/sub>. Chem. Eng. J. 213, 203-213.<\/p>\n Concas, A., Pisu, M. and Cao, G., 2010. Novel simulation model of the solar collector of BIOCOIL photobioreactors for CO2<\/sub> sequestration with microalgae. Chem. Eng. J. 157, 297-303.<\/p>\n Imelfort M, Edwards D. De novo sequencing of plant genomes using second-generation technologies. Brief Bioinform. 2009 Nov;10(6):609-18. doi: 10.1093\/bib\/bbp039. Review.<\/p>\n Jiang, L., Luo, S., Fan, X., Yang, Z. and Guo, R., 2011, Biomass and lipid production of marine microalgae using municipal wastewater and high concentration of CO2<\/sub>. Appl. Energy, 88, 3336\u20133341.<\/p>\n Mascher M, Muehlbauer GJ, Rokhsar DS, Chapman J, Schmutz J, Barry K,Mu\u00f1oz-Amatria\u00edn M, Close TJ, Wise RP, Schulman AH, Himmelbach A, Mayer KF, ScholzU, Poland JA, Stein N, Waugh R. Anchoring and ordering NGS contig assemblies by population sequencing (POPSEQ). Plant J. 2013 Sep 2. doi: 10.1111\/tpj.12319.<\/p>\n Melis, A., 2009. Solar energy conversion efficiencies in photosynthesis: Minimizing the chlorophyll antennae to maximize efficiency. Plant. Sci., 177, 130-135.<\/p>\n Naito K, Kaga A, Tomooka N, Kawase M. De novo assembly of the complete organelle genome sequences of azuki bean (Vigna angularis) using next-generation sequencers. Breed Sci. 2013 Jun;63(2):176-82. doi: 10.1270\/jsbbs.63.176.<\/p>\n Radakovits, R., Jinkerson, R.E., Darzins, A., Posewitz, M.C., 2010. Genetic engineering of algae for enhanced biofuel production. Eukaryot. Cell., 9, 486\u2013501.<\/p>\n Sierra, E., Aci\u00e9n Fern\u00e1ndez, F.G., Fern\u00e1ndez, J.M., Garc\u00eda, J.L., Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Molina, E., 2008. Characterization of a flat plate photobioreactor for the production of microalgae. Chem. Eng. J. 138, 136-147.<\/p>\n Travieso, L., Hall, D.O., Rao, K.K., Ben\u00edtez, F., S\u00e1nchez, E., Borja, R., 2001. A helical tubular photobioreactor producing Spirulina in a semicontinuous mode. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 47, 151\u2013155.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u00a0A DUE ANNI DALLA XXI GIORNATA MONDIALE DELL\u2019AMBIENTE,\u00a0ACCADEMIA NAZIONALE DEI LINCEI. — ECCO COSA CI HA PROMESSO LA SCIENZA. QUANTO NON REALIZZATO NON E’ COLPA<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14190,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[61,327],"tags":[1182,1184,1181,1183,1179,1180],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6305"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6305"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6305\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25789,"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6305\/revisions\/25789"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/14190"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6305"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6305"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.donnecultura.eu\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6305"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Recupero energetico da rifiuti mediante celle a combustibile microbiche.<\/b><\/h2>\n
\u00a0Rosa Anna NASTRO, Giacomo FALCUCCI, Elio JANNELLI, Mariagiovanna MINUTILLO, Vincenzo PASQUALE, Stefano DUMONTET (Universit\u00e0 di Napoli \u2018Parthenope\u2019) – Michele PAVONE, Maria TOSCANESI, Marco TRIFUOGGI (Universit\u00e0 di Napoli \u2018Federico II\u2019).<\/strong><\/h4>\n
Pi\u00f9\u00a0sotto: development of nuclear energy in a sustainable frame (Rolando Calabrese Universit\u00e0 di Padova).<\/strong><\/h4>\n
Proposta di enunciato finale derivato dal Convegno Terawatt a Roma.<\/b><\/h2>\n
Recupero energetico da rifiuti mediante celle a combustibile microbiche.<\/b><\/h2>\n
Dai rifiuti solidi urbani un’energia amica dell’ambiente.<\/h3>\n
\u00a0STUDI PER LA SOSTENIBILITA’ AMBIENTALE.<\/h3>\n
\nIRSA-CNR. (1984). Metodi analitici per i fanghi. Vol 2 Parametri tecnologici, Quaderno n\u00b064..<\/p>\nDevelopment of nuclear energy in a sustainable frame:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n
evaluations on the issues of uranium resources and nuclear waste<\/strong><\/h2>\n
Rolando CALABRESE (Universit\u00e0 di Padova)<\/strong><\/h2>\n